Conversion Tables, Formulas and Suggested Guidelines for Horticultural Use

Pesticide and fertilizer recommendations often are made on a pounds-per-acre or tons-per-acre basis for field production. However, greenhouse and nursery operators, landscape professionals and orchardists often must convert these recommendations to smaller areas, such as row feet or square feet per tree or per pot. Pints, cups, ounces, tablespoons and teaspoons often are the common units of measure. Metric units of measure can further complicate conversion.

This publication is designed to help growers make these calculations and conversions and to provide other data useful in the management, planning and operation of horticultural enterprises. A number of formulas for calculating fertilizer application rates on a parts-per-million basis are given. Tables for fertilizer injector calibration using a conductivity meter, as well as pre-plant application rates for various soil mix components and amendments, also are provided. A brief explanation of how each table is used is provided.

Tables 1 through 3 help determine equivalent measures for liquid (volume) or dry (weight) chemical substances and also converting metric to English units.

Table 1. Equivalents for liquid measure (volume)

Gallons (gal)	Quarts (qt)	Pints (pt)	Fluid Ounces (fl oz)	Cups	Tablespoons (Tbs)	Teaspoons (tsp)	Milliliters (ml) or Cubic Centimeters (cc)	Liters (L)
1	4	8	128	16	256	768	3785	3.785
—	1	2	32	4	—	—	—	—
—	—	1	16	2	32	—	—	—
—	—	—	1	1/8	2	6	30	—
—	—	—	—	1	16	48	240	—
—	—	—	—	—	1	3	15	—
—	—	—	—	—	—	1	5	—
—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	—
—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1000	1

Table 2. Equivalents for dry measure and weight

Weight
Pounds/Ounces	Metric
220.46 pounds (lb)	100 kilograms (kg)
100 lb	45.349 kg
2.204 lb	1 kg
1.102 lb	500 grams (g)
1 lb/16 ounces (oz)	453.59 g
8 oz	226.78 g
4 oz	113.39 g
3.527 oz	110 g
2 oz	56.70 g
1 oz	28.35 g
3/4 oz	21.25 grams
1/2 oz	14.17 g
1/4 oz	7.08 g
1/8 oz	3.54 g
1/16 oz	1.77 g
1/32 oz	885 milligrams (mg)
1/64 oz	442 mg
1/128 oz	221 mg
Ounces	Grams
3/8	10.631
1/2	14.75
5/8	17.718
3/4	21.162
7/8	24.805
1	28.349
2	56.698
1/256	0.111
1/128	0.221
1/64	0.443
1/32	0.886
1/16	1.772
1/8	3.544
1/4	7.087

Table 3. Metric system conversion table

Liquid capacity
1 fluid ounce (fl oz)	30 milliliters (ml)
1 pint (pt) = 16 fl oz	473 ml
1 quart (qt)	946 ml
1 gallon (gal)	3,785 ml
1 liter (L)	1,000 ml
1 milliliter (ml)	1 cubic centimeter (cc)
Dry material weight
1 ounce (avoirdupois)	28.4 grams (g)
1 pound (lb)	453.6 g
1 kilogram (kg)	1,000 g = 2.2 lb
Volume
1 cubic inch (in3)	16.4 milliliters (ml)
1 cubic foot (ft3)	7.48 gallons = 28.3 liters (L)
1 bushel (bu)	1.24 ft3 = 35.2 L
1 cubic yard (yd3)	21.7 bu = 765 L
Linear
1 inch (in.)	2.54 centimeters (cm)
1 foot (ft)	30.48 cm
1 yard (yd)	91.44 cm
1 meter (m)	100 cm
Area
1 square inch (in2)	6.45 square centimeters (cm2)
1 square foot (ft2)	0.09 square meter (m2)
1 square yard (yd2)	0.84 square meter (m2)
1 acre (a)	0.40 hectare (ha)
1 square mile (M2)	2.59 square kilometer (km2)

Tables 4 through 7 help determine correct application rates for various pesticides.

Table 4. Dilution of liquid pesticides at various concentrations

Dilution	Amount Desired
	1 Gal	3 Gal	5 Gal	15 Gal
1:100	2 Tbs + 2 tsp	1/2 cup	3/4 cup + 5 tsp	1 cup + 3 Tbs
1:200	4 tsp	1/4 cup	6½ Tbs	1/2 cup + 2 Tbs
1:400	2 tsp	2 Tbs	3 Tbs	4 Tbs + 2½ tsp
1:800	1 tsp	1 Tbs	1 Tbs + 2 tsp	3 Tbs + 2½ tsp
1:1000	3/4 tsp	2¼ tsp	1 Tbs + 1 tsp	1 pint + 1/2 cup
Example: Directions call for a 1:200 dilution. To prepare 3 gallons of finished product, you would need to add 1/4 cup.

Table 5. Equivalent quantities of dry materials (wettable powders) for various volumes of water based on recommended pounds per 100 gallon.

Water	Recommended Rates
100 gal	1 lb	2 lb	3 lb	4 lb	5 lb	6 lb
50 gal	1/2 lb	1 lb	1½ lb	2 lb	2½ lb	3 lb
25 gal	4 oz	8 oz	12 oz	1 lb	1¼ lb	1½ lb
12.5 gal	2 oz	4 oz	6 oz	8 oz	10 oz	3/4 lb
5 gal	3 Tbs	1½ oz	2½ oz	3¼ oz	4 oz	5 oz
1 gal	1 tsp	2 tsp	1 Tbs	4 tsp	5 tsp	2 Tbs
Example: Directions for use specify a rate of 4 lb per 100 gallons water. To prepare 1 gallon of solution would require 4 tsp of material.

Table 6. Equivalent quantities of liquid materials (emulsion concentrates, etc.) for various volumes of water based on pints per 100 gallons.

Water	Recommended Rates
100gal	1/2 pint	1 pint	2 pint	3 pint	4 pint	5 pint
50 gal	4 fl oz	8 fl oz	1 pint	1½ pint	2 pints	2½ pints
25 gal	2 fl oz	4 fl oz	8 fl oz	12 fl oz	1 pint	1¼ pint
12.5 gal	1 fl oz	2 fl oz	4 fl oz	6 fl oz	8 fl oz	10 fl oz
5 gal	1 Tbs	1 fl oz	2 fl oz	2½ fl oz	3 fl oz	4 fl oz
1 gal	1/2 tsp	1 tsp	2 tsp	3 tsp	4 tsp	5 tsp
Example: Directions for use specify a rate of 4 pints per 100 gallons water. To prepare 5 gallons of solution would require 3 fl oz material.

Table 7. Rate of application equivalent table.

Rate per Acre	Rate per 1000 sq ft	Rate per 100 sq ft
Liquid Materials
1 pint	3/4 Tbs	1/4 tsp
1 quart	1½ Tbs	1/2 tsp
1 gal	6 Tbs	2 tsp
25 gal	4⅔ pints	1/2 pint
50 gal	4⅔ quarts	1 pint
100 gal	2⅓ gal	1 quart
200 gal	4⅔ gal	2 quarts
300 gal	7 gal	3 quarts
400 gal	9¼ gal	1 gal
500 gal	11½ gal	1¼ gal
Dry Materials
1 lb	2½ tsp	1/4 tsp
3 lb	2¼ Tbs	3/4 tsp
4 lb	3 Tbs	1 tsp
5 lb	4 Tbs	1¼ tsp
10 lb	1/2 cup	2 tsp
100 lb	2⅔ lb	1/4 lb
200 lb	4⅔ lb	1/2 lb
300 lb	7 lb	3/4 lb
400 lb	9¼ lb	1 lb
500 lb	11½ lb	1¼ lb
Examples: For liquid materials, 100 gallons per acre is equivalent to 2⅓ gallons per 1000 ft2 or 1 quart per 100 ft2. For dry materials, 4 lb per acre is equivalent to 3 Tbs per 1000 ft2 or 1 tsp per 100 ft2.

Tables 8 through 9 help determine the correct application rates for fertilizers when nutrition recommendations are based on fertilizer weight.

Table 8. Fertilizer conversions for specified square feet and row area.

Material grouped by approximate weight per pint	Recommended rate per acre*	Fertilizer Rate for Specific Areas
		100 sq ft	1000 sq ft	10 sq ft	100 sq ft	Per 10 ft of row spaced**
						1 ft	2 ft	3 ft
	lb	lb	lb	Tbs	pt	Tbs	Tbs	cup
10 oz per pint
Sulfur or Dried Blood	100	0.2	2.3	1.2	0.4	1.2	2.4	0.2
	500	1.2	11.5	6.0	1.9	6.0	12.0	1.1
	1000	2.3	23.0	12.0	3.7	—	—	—
13 oz per pint
Urea or Ammonium Nitrate or Ammonium Chloride	100	0.2	2.3	0.9	0.3	0.9	1.8	0.2
	500	1.2	11.5	4.5	1.4	4.5	9.0	0.8
	1000	2.3	23.0	9.0	2.8	—	—	—
16 oz per pint
Ammonium Phosphate or Potassium Chloride or Gypsum or Mixed Fertilizers	100	0.2	2.3	0.7	0.2	0.7	1.4	0.1
	500	1.2	11.5	3.5	1.2	3.5	7.0	0.7
	1000	2.3	23.0	7.0	2.3	—	—	—
19 oz per pint
Calcium Nitrate or Ammonium Sulfate or Superphosphate	100	0.2	2.3	0.6	0.2	0.6	1.2	0.1
	500	1.2	11.5	3.0	1.0	3.0	6.0	0.6
	1000	2.3	23.0	6.0	2.0	—	—	—
23 oz per pint
Ground limestone or Potassium sulfatex	100	0.2	2.3	0.5	0.2	0.5	1.0	0.1
	500	1.2	11.5	2.5	0.8	2.5	5.0	0.5
	1000	2.3	23.0	5.0	1.6	—	—	—
	2000	4.6	46.0	10.0	3.2	—	—	—
* Any of the materials listed in the first column can be used at the rates shown below. **High Rates, not desirable in row fertilization, are omitted in the table. Example: You wish to apply calcium nitrate at the rate of 500 lb per acre. It weighs approximately 19 oz per pint. For application to 100 ft2, you need 1.2 lb or 1.0 pint.

Table 9. Fertilizer weight as measured by standard pot size

Fertilizer	Pot Size
	2¼ in.	3 in.	3½ in.	4 in.	5 in.	6 in.
Ammonium nitrate	2 oz	5½ oz	9 oz	15 oz	1 lb 12 oz	2 lb 15 oz
Urea, 45-0-0	2½ oz	6 oz	9 oz	1 lb	1 lb 13 oz	3 lb
Superphosphate	2½ oz	6 oz	9½ oz	1 lb	1 lb 14 oz	3 lb 2 oz
Dusting sulfur	2½ oz	6 oz	10 oz	1 lb	1 lb 14 oz	3 lb 3 oz
Peters, 20-5-30	2½ oz	6 oz	10 oz	1 lb 1 oz	1 lb 15 oz	3 lb 3 oz
Ammonium sulfate	3 oz	7 oz	11 oz	1 lb 3 oz	2 lb 3 oz	3 lb 11 oz
Osmocote, 14-14-14	3 oz	7½ oz	12 oz	1 lb 4 oz	2 lb 5 oz	3 lb 13 oz
MagAmp, 12-62-0	3 oz	7½ oz	12 oz	1 lb 4 oz	2 lb 5 oz	3 lb 14 oz
Gypsum, CaSO4	3 oz	8 oz	12½ oz	1 lb 5 oz	2 lb 7 oz	4 lb 1 oz
Calcium nitrate	3 oz	8 oz	12½ oz	1 lb 6 oz	2 lb 8 oz	4 lb 2 oz
Peters, 15-0-15	3½ oz	8 oz	13 oz	1 lb 6 oz	2 lb 9 oz	4 lb 5 oz
Potassium chloride	3½ oz	9 oz	14 oz	1 lb 8 oz	1 lb 12 oz	4 lb 9 oz
Sodium nitrate	4 oz	9 oz	15 oz	1 lb 9 oz	2 lb 14 oz	4 lb 13 oz
Dolomitic limestone	5½ oz	13 oz	1 lb 5 oz	2 lb 4 oz	4 lb 2 oz	6 lb 14 oz
Clay flower pots are frequently used for fertilizer measurement by greenhouse operators. The above shows average weights of several representative fertilizers as measured by standard clay pots when level full. The 3-in. standard is considered to contain 8 fl oz or 1 cup. Since the actual pot size varies with the manufacturer and the volume of a given weight of fertilizer varies with moisture and compaction, deviations of 10% may be expected but up to 40% may occur.

Tables 10 through 14 help determine the correct application rates for fertilizers with various analysis when nutrition recommendations are based on parts per million and fertilizer injectors are used to deliver liquid plant fertilizer. Table 12 is designed to help growers calibrate their injectors.

Table 10. Element concentrations for pounds soluble fertilizer in 1000 gallons (U.S.) water

Desired PPM	Pounds of Fertilizer Needed
	% Nitrogen (N)					% Phosphate (P2O5)				% Potash (K2O)
	30	25	20	15	10	20	15	10	5	25	20	15	10
300	8.3	10.0	12.5	16.7	23.0	—	—	—	—	12.0	15.0	20.0	30.0
275	7.8	9.2	11.4	15.3	23.0	—	—	—	—	11.0	13.7	18.2	27.5
250	7.3	8.4	10.2	13.9	21.8	—	—	—	—	10.0	12.5	16.7	26.2
225	6.2	7.5	9.3	12.5	18.7	—	—	—	—	9.0	11.3	15.0	22.5
200	5.6	6.7	8.4	11.1	16.7	19.2	—	—	—	8.0	10.0	13.3	20.0
175	4.9	5.8	7.3	9.7	14.6	16.8	22.4	—	—	7.0	8.8	10.7	17.5
150	4.2	5.0	6.3	8.3	12.5	14.4	19.2	28.8	—	6.0	7.6	10.0	15.0
125	3.5	4.2	5.3	7.0	10.2	12.0	16.0	24.0	48.0	5.0	6.2	8.4	12.5
100	2.8	3.4	4.2	5.6	8.3	9.6	12.6	19.2	38.4	4.0	5.0	6.7	10.0
75	2.1	2.5	3.1	4.2	6.2	7.2	9.6	14.4	28.8	3.0	3.8	5.0	7.5
50	1.4	1.7	2.1	2.8	4.2	4.8	6.4	9.6	19.2	2.0	2.5	3.4	5.0
25	0.7	0.9	1.1	1.4	2.1	2.4	3.2	4.8	9.6	1.0	1.3	1.7	2.5
Example: You wish to apply 200 ppm N using a 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer. Reading across from 200 ppm under the 20% N column, you find 8.4 lb are needed for 1000 gallons water. NOTES: 1 oz/2 gallons is about 30 lb/1000 gal; 1 oz/3 gallons is about 20 lb/1000 gal; 1 oz/5 gallons is about 12 lb/1000 gallons. For ppm, 1 oz/gallon = 7490 ppm; 1 oz/100 gallons = 75 ppm. To determine parts per million (ppm) of an element in a fertilizer, simply multiply the percent of that element by 75. The answer will be the ppm of the element per oz of the fertilizer in 100 gallons of water. As an example, ammonium sulfate contains approximately 20% nitrogen. Twenty percent multiplied by 75 is 15, which is the ppm of nitrogen in 1 oz of ammonium sulfate per 100 gallons of water.

Table 11. Injection ratios and nitrogen concentrations for constant fertilization

Ratio	Ounces of Fertilizer per Gallon of Concentrate
	100 ppm N	150 ppm N	200 ppm N
30% N formulaa
1:200	13.5	20.2	27.0
1:200	9.0	13.5	18.0
1:150	6.7	10.1	13.5
1:128	5.7	8.6	11.5
1:100	4.5	6.7	9.0
1:50	2.2	3.3	4.5
1:30	13.0	2.0	2.7
1:24	1.0	1.6	2.1
1:15	0.67	1.0	1.3
25% N formulab
1:300	16.5	24.7	33.0
1:200	11.0	16.5	22.0
1:150	8.2	12.3	16.5
1:128	7.0	10.5	14.0
1:100	5.5	8.2	11.0
1:50	2.7	4.1	5.5
1:30	1.6	2.4	3.3
1:24	1.3	1.9	2.6
1:15	0.82	1.2	1.6
20% N formulac
1:300	20.2	30.3	40.5
1:200	13.5	20.2	27.0
1:150	10.1	15.1	20.2
1:128	8.6	12.9	17.2
1:100	6.7	10.1	13.5
1:50	3.3	5.0	6.7
1:30	2.0	3.0	4.0
1:24	1.6	2.4	3.2
1:15	1.0	1.5	2.0
15% N formulad
1:300	27.0	40.5	54.0
1:200	18.0	27.0	36.0
1:150	13.5	20.2	27.0
1:128	11.5	17.2	23.0
1:100	9.0	13.5	18.0
1:50	4.5	6.7	9.0
1:30	2.7	4.0	5.4
1:24	2.1	3.2	4.3
1:15	1.3	2.0	2.7
1From Ball RedBook, 16th Edition, published by Ball Publishing. Reprinted with permission ae.g., 30-10-10 be.g., 25-5-20, 25-10-10, 25-0-25 ce.g., 20-20-20, 20-5-30, 21-7-7 de.g., 15-15-15, 15-30-15, 16-4-12

Table 12A. Injector calibration with a conductivity meter

Peters Single Element Fertilizer Components
ppm Nitrogen	Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3 34% N	Ammonium Sulfate (NH4)2SO4 21% N	Sodium Nitrate NaNO3 16% N	Potassium Nitrate KNO3 14% N	Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2 15.5% N	Epsom Salt MgSO4 10% Mg
50	0.23	0.45	0.43	0.48	0.37	0.38
75	0.35	0.68	0.65	0.71	0.55	0.56
100	0.46	0.90	0.86	0.95	0.74	0.75
125	0.58	1.13	1.08	1.18	0.92	0.94
150	0.69	1.35	1.29	1.42	1.11	1.13
175	0.81	1.58	1.51	1.66	1.30	1.31
200	0.92	1.90	1.72	1.90	1.48	1.50
225	1.04	2.03	1.94	2.14	1.66	1.69
250	1.15	2.25	2.15	2.37	1.85	1.88
275	1.27	2.48	2.37	2.61	2.04	2.06
300	1.38	2.70	2.58	2.85	2.22	2.25
350	1.61	3.15	3.01	3.32	2.59	2.63
400	1.84	3.60	3.44	3.80	2.96	3.00
450	2.07	4.05	3.87	4.27	3.33	3.38
500	2.30	4.50	4.30	4.75	3.70	3.75
550	2.53	4.95	4.73	5.22	4.07	4.13
600	2.76	5.40	5.16	5.70	4.44	4.50
650	2.99	5.85	5.59	6.17	4.81	4.88
700	3.22	6.30	6.02	6.65	5.18	5.25
750	3.45	6.75	6.45	7.12	5.50	5.63
800	3.68	7.20	6.88	7.60	5.92	6.00
850	3.91	7.65	7.31	8.07	6.29	6.38
900	4.14	8.10	7.74	8.55	6.66	6.75
950	4.37	8.55	8.17	9.02	7.03	7.13
1000	4.60	9.00	8.60	9.50	7.40	7.50
1Adapted from Grace Horticultural Products. W.1 R. Grace & Co. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140. NOTES: 1) For use with meters in millimhos with Peters® Single Element Fertilizer Components. 2) These are readings made with distilled water. 3) Test your plain irrigation water first and subtract that reading from the fertilizer-injected water. For example, your water test indicates 0.5 mmhos and you are applying 500 ppm N with calcium nitrate. Your calibration reading is 3.70 – 0.5 = 3.20 mmhos.

Table 12B. Injector calibration with a conductivity meter

Peters Mixed Soluble Fertilizer Analysis
ppm Nitrogen	20-20-20 20-19-18	20-10-15	20-5-30	25-5-20	25-10-10 30-10-10	5-11-26 Hydrosol	15-16-17 15-11-29 15-20-25
50	0.23	0.31	0.22	0.12	0.09	1.00	0.32
75	0.34	0.47	0.33	0.18	0.14	1.50	0.48
100	0.45	0.62	0.44	0.24	0.18	2.00	0.65
125	0.56	0.78	0.56	0.30	0.23	2.50	0.82
150	0.68	0.93	0.69	0.36	0.27	3.00	1.00
175	0.79	1.09	0.81	0.43	0.32	3.50	1.20
200	0.90	1.24	0.94	0.51	0.36	4.00	1.40
225	1.01	1.40	1.07	0.57	0.41	4.50	1.56
250	1.13	1.55	1.20	0.62	0.47	5.00	1.72
275	1.24	1.71	1.32	0.71	0.51	5.50	1.91
300	1.35	1.86	1.43	0.80	0.54	6.00	2.10
350	1.58	2.17	1.66	0.92	0.64	6.50	2.45
400	1.80	2.48	1.90	1.04	0.74	7.00	2.80
450	2.03	2.79	2.15	1.18	0.85	7.50	3.15
500	2.25	3.10	2.40	1.32	0.96	8.00	3.50
550	2.48	3.41	2.61	1.45	1.06	–	3.84
600	2.70	3.72	2.82	1.58	1.16	–	4.18
650	2.93	4.03	3.03	1.71	1.26	–	4.52
700	3.15	4.34	3.24	1.84	1.36	–	4.80
750	3.38	4.65	3.45	1.98	1.46	–	5.20
800	3.60	4.96	3.66	2.11	1.56	–	5.54
850	3.83	5.27	3.87	2.24	1.66	–	5.88
900	4.05	5.58	4.08	2.37	1.76	–	6.22
950	4.28	5.89	4.29	2.50	1.86	–	6.56
1000	4.50	6.20	4.5	2.63	1.96	–	6.90
1Adapted from Grace Horticultural Products. W.1 R. Grace & Co. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140. NOTES: 1) For use with meters in millimhos with Peters® Fertilizer formulations. 2) These readings are made with distilled water. 3) Test your plain irrigation water first and subtract that reading from the fertilizer-injected water. For example, your water test indicates 0.2 mmhos and you are applying 200 ppm N with 15-15-15 fertilizer. Your calibration reading is 1.30 – 0.2 = 1.10 mmhos.

Table 12C. Injector calibration with a conductivity meter

Peters Mixed Soluble Fertilizer Analysis (cont.)
ppm Nitrogen	15-15-15	15-10-30	15-30-15	15-0-15	16-4-12	21-7-7 Acid	21-7-7 Neutral
50	0.30	0.32	0.31	0.36	0.32	0.28	0.21
75	0.46	0.51	0.47	0.55	0.48	0.42	0.32
100	0.62	0.70	0.62	0.74	0.64	0.56	0.42
125	0.79	0.87	0.78	0.94	0.81	0.70	0.53
150	0.96	1.50	0.93	1.15	0.98	0.84	0.63
175	1.13	1.23	1.09	1.35	1.14	0.98	0.74
200	1.30	1.41	1.24	1.55	1.31	1.12	0.84
225	1.47	1.59	1.40	1.72	1.47	1.26	0.95
250	1.65	1.78	1.55	1.90	1.62	1.40	1.05
275	1.82	1.95	1.71	2.09	1.81	1.54	1.16
300	1.98	2.12	1.86	2.28	2.00	1.68	1.26
350	2.31	2.45	2.17	2.64	2.29	1.96	1.47
400	2.65	2.78	2.48	3.00	2.58	2.24	1.68
450	2.98	3.12	2.79	3.34	2.93	2.52	1.89
500	3.25	3.46	3.10	3.68	3.28	2.80	2.10
550	3.55	3.76	3.41	3.98	3.57	3.08	2.31
600	3.85	4.06	3.72	4.28	3.86	3.36	2.52
650	4.15	4.36	4.03	4.58	4.15	3.64	2.73
700	4.45	4.66	4.34	4.88	4.44	3.92	2.94
750	4.75	4.95	4.65	5.20	4.72	4.20	3.15
800	5.05	5.25	4.96	5.50	4.98	4.48	3.36
850	5.35	5.55	5.27	5.80	5.24	4.76	3.57
900	5.65	5.85	5.58	6.10	5.50	5.04	3.78
950	5.95	6.15	5.89	6.40	5.76	5.32	3.99
1000	6.25	6.45	6.20	6.70	6.00	5.60	4.20
1Adapted from Grace Horticultural Products. W.1 R. Grace & Co. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140. NOTES: 1) For use with meters in millimhos with Peters® Fertilizer formulations. 2) These readings are made with distilled water. 3) Test your plain irrigation water first and subtract that reading from the fertilizer-injected water. For example, your water test indicates 0.2 mmhos and you are applying 200 ppm N with 15-15-15 fertilizer. Your calibration reading is 1.30 – 0.2 = 1.10 mmhos.

Table 13A. Parts per million of desired nutrient to ounces of fertilizer carrier in 100 gallons of water (or grams in 1 liter) and vice versa

Ounces of Fertilizer Carrier in 100 Gallons	Percentage of Desired Nutrient in Fertilizer Carrier
	12	13	14	15.5	16	20	20.5	21
1	9	9.7	10.5	11.6	12.0	15.0	15.3	15.7
2	18	19.5	21.0	23.2	24.0	29.9	30.7	31.4
3	27	29.3	31.4	35.0	35.9	44.9	46.0	47.2
4	36	38.9	41.9	46.4	47.9	59.9	61.4	62.9
6	54	58.4	62.9	70.0	71.9	89.9	92.1	94.3
8	72	77.8	83.8	92.8	95.8	119.7	122.7	125.7
16	144	155.7	167.7	185.6	191.7	239.5	245.5	251.5
24	216	233.5	251.5	278.4	287.5	359.2	368.2	377.2
32	288	311.4	335.4	371.3	383.4	479.0	490.9	502.9
40	359	389.2	419.2	464.0	479.2	598.7	613.7	628.6
48	431	467.0	503.0	556.8	575.0	718.5	736.4	754.4
56	503	544.7	586.9	649.7	670.9	838.2	859.2	880.1
64	575	622.7	670.7	742.4	766.7	958.0	981.9	1005.8
1From Nelson, P. V. 1998. Greenhouse Operations and Management, 5th ed. Published by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Table 13B. Parts per million of desired nutrient to ounces of fertilizer carrier in 100 gallons of water and vice versa.¹ (cont)

Ounces of Fertilizer Carrier in 100 Gallons	Percentage of Desired Nutrient in Fertilizer Carrier
	33	44	45	53	60	62
1	24.7	32.9	33.7	39.7	44.9	46.4
2	49.4	65.9	67.4	79.3	89.8	92.0
3	74.1	98.8	101.0	117.0	134.7	139.2
4	98.8	131.7	134.7	158.7	179.6	185.6
6	148.2	197.6	202.1	238.0	269.4	278.4
8	197.6	263.4	269.4	317.3	359.2	371.2
16	395.2	526.9	538.9	634.6	718.5	742.4
24	592.7	790.3	808.3	952.0	1077.7	1113.6
32	790.3	1053.7	1077.7	1269.3	1436.9	1484.8
40	987.9	1317.2	1347.1	1586.6	1796.2	1856.1
48	1185.5	1580.6	1616.5	1903.9	2155.4	2227.2
56	1383.0	1844.0	1886.0	2221.2	2514.6	2598.4
64	1580.6	2107.5	2155.4	2538.6	2873.9	2969.7
1From Nelson, P. V. 1998. Greenhouse Operations and Management, 5th ed. Published by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Table 13C. Parts per million of desired nutrient to ounces of fertilizer carrier in 100 gallons of water and vice versa.

Grams of Fertilizer Carrier in 1 Liter	PPM of Desired Nutrient in Fertilizer Carrier
	12	13	14	15.5	16	20	20.5	21
0.1	12	13	14	16	16	20	20.5	21
0.2	24	26	28	31	3	40	41.0	42
0.3	36	39	42	47	48	60	61.5	63
0.4	48	52	56	62	64	80	82.0	84
0.6	72	78	84	93	96	120	123.0	126
0.8	96	104	112	124	128	160	164.0	168
1.0	120	130	140	155	160	200	205.0	210
1.5	180	195	210	233	240	300	307.0	315
2.0	240	260	280	310	320	400	410.0	420
2.5	300	325	350	388	400	500	512.5	525
3.0	360	390	420	465	480	600	615.0	630
3.5	420	455	490	543	560	700	717.5	735
4.0	480	520	560	620	640	800	820.0	840
1From Nelson, P. V. 1998. Greenhouse Operations and Management, 5th ed. Published by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Table 13D. Parts per million of desired nutrient to ounces of fertilizer carrier in 100 gallons of water and vice versa.

Grams of Fertilizer Carrier in 1 Liter	PPM of Desired Nutrient in Fertilizer Carrier
	33	44	45	53	60	62
0.1	33	44	45	53	60	62
0.2	66	88	90	106	120	124
0.3	99	132	135	159	180	186
0.4	132	176	180	212	240	248
0.6	198	264	270	318	360	372
0.8	264	352	360	424	480	496
1.0	330	440	450	530	600	620
1.5	495	660	675	795	900	930
2.0	660	880	900	1060	1200	1240
2.5	825	1100	1125	1325	1500	1550
3.0	990	1320	1350	1590	1800	1860
3.5	1155	1540	1575	1855	2100	2170
4.0	1320	1760	1800	2120	2400	2480
1From Nelson, P. V. 1998. Greenhouse Operations and Management, 5th ed. Published by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Table 14. Conversion factors among electrical conductivity (EC) units

From	To	Multiply by:
mmhos/cm or mS/cm or dS/cm	mhos x 10-5/cm	100
mhos x 10-5/cm	mmhos/cm or mS/cm or dS/cm	0.01
mmhos/cm or mS/cm or dS/cm	µmhos or mhos x 10-6	1000
µmhos or mhos x 10-6	mmhos/cm or mS/cm or dS/cm	0.001
mmhos/cm or mS/cm or dS/cm	ppm	670a
ppm	mmhos/cm or mS/cm or dS/cm	0.0014925a
mhos x 10-5/cm	ppm	6.70a
ppm	mhos x 10-5/cm	0.14925a
µmhos or mhos x 10-6	ppm	0.6702a
ppm	µmhos or mhos x 10-6	1.4925a
Adapted from T. J. Cavins, et al., 2000. a Some labs report EC in terms of ppm or convert EC to ppm. Although 670 is the basis used in this example, the conversion factor can vary between 640 and 700. This conversion factor is an average due to the variability in the type of fertilizer salts that contribute to the substrate EC in each sample, and it should be considered a broad approximation. Expressing EC in terms of mS/cm or mhos/cm is the preferred method.

Table 15 is designed to help growers decide which acid to add and in what quantities to acidify their irrigation water.

Table 15. Various acids to add to irrigation water for acidification

Amounts	Acids
	Phosphoric Acid (75%)	Phosphoric Acid (85%)	Sulfuric Acid (35%)	Sulfuric Acid (93%)	Nitric Acid (61.4%)	Nitric Acid (67%)
For Small Volumes
ml per liter	0.253	0.207	0.348	0.087	0.234	0.209
fl oz per gallon	0.032	0.027	0.044	0.011	0.030	0.027
ml per gallon	0.956	0.785	1.316	0.330	0.884	0.793
For a 1:100 Injector
fl oz per gallon (conc.)	3.23	2.65	4.45	1.12	2.99	2.68
ml per gallon (conc.)	95.63	78.47	131.59	32.98	88.40	79.28
For a 1:128 Injector
fl oz per gallon (conc.)	4.14	3.40	5.70	1.43	3.83	3.43
ml per gallon (conc.)	122.41	100.44	168.44	42.22	113.16	101.48
For a 1:200 Injector
fl oz per gallon (conc.)	6.47	5.31	8.90	2.23	5.98	5.36
ml per gallon (conc.)	191.27	156.94	263.19	65.97	176.81	158.56
NUTRIENTS ADDED BY EACH TYPE OF ACID
Nutrients Added	Phosphorus	Phosphorus	Sulfur	Sulfur	Nitrogen	Nitrogen
Amount Added (ppm)	94.6	94.6	50.3	50.3	43.7	43.7
Note: The table is an example from a website called AlkCalc, available at https://e-gro.org/alkcalc/dist/index.html. It is an acidification analysis done on a water sample with a starting pH of 8.0 and alkalinity of 200 ppm CaCO3 acidified to an end point pH of 5.8. For your specific water sample, follow the directions on the website. You will need to obtain a water report on your irrigation water prior to using AlkCalc. You will need to know the water pH and alkalinity of your sample and have an idea about what end-point pH you want to obtain after acidification. The wesbite also gives you information about the cost of the acidification treatment. Use the information above for modifying your fertility program.

Tables 16 through 20 help determine which fertilizers to use based on chemical analysis, reaction in substrate, longevity in substrate (slow release fertilizers), and incorporation rates for some popular slow release fertilizers. Tables 17 and 18 are specifically designed to provide detailed information on fertilizer calculations, which also aid determine correct application rates.

Fertilizer Name	Nutrient Sources2
	Analysis	33 -0 -0	13 -0 -44	15.5 -0 -0	16 -0 -0	21 -0 -0	45 -0 -0	0 -0 -60	12 -62 -0	21 -53 -0	% of N as NH4 + Urea	Reaction in Substrate4
Ammonium nitrate	33-0-0	X									50	A
Potassium nitrate	13-0-44		X								0	N
Calcium nitrate	15.5-0-0			X							6	B
Sodium nitrate	16-0-0				X						0	B
Ammonium sulfate	21-0-0					X					100	A
Urea	45-0-0						X				100	SA
Potassium chloride	0-0-60							X			–	N
Monoammonium phosphate	12-62-0								X		100	A
Diammonium phosphate3	21-53-0									X	100	SA
Magnesium nitrate	10-0-0										0	B
Chrysanthemum green	18-0-22	1	2			1					47	A
General Summer	20-10-24	1					1	2		1	83	A
General low phosphate	21-4-20	7						4		1	55	A
General summer	21-17-20	1					2	3		3	90	A
General	17-6-27	4						4		1	57	A
UConn Mix	19-5-24		6	2			2		1		49	N
Editor’s favorite	20-5-30		13				4			2	57	SA
20-20-20 substitute	20-20-22		4				1			3	67	SA
Starter and pink hydrangea	12-41-15		1						2		65	SA
Starter and pink hydrangea	17-35-16						1	4		10	100	SA
N-K only	16-0-24	2			1			2			40	SA
N-K only	20-0-30	1	2								28	SA
Blue hydrangea	13-0-22					2		1			100	VA
Blue hydrangea	15-0-15					3		1			100	VA
Acid	21-9-9	3	1			7		1		2	79	VA
Spring carnation	10-0-17				5			2			0	B
Winter nitrate	15-0-15		1	2							5	B
Winter potash	15-0-22		1	1							4	B
Lily substitute	16-4-12	1	4	6						1	22	N
High K	15-10-30		7	1						2	28	N
1From Nelson, P.V. 1998. Greenhouse Operations and Management, 5th ed. Published by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted with permission. 2For names of nutrient sources, see the first nine entries in the Name column. 3Diammonium phosphate may be pelletized and coated. To dissolve, use very hot water and stir vigorously. Sediment formation should not cause concern. Use crystalline potassium chloride if possible. 4B = basic; N = neutral; SA = slightly acid; A = acid; VA = very acid. NOTE: For example, an 18-0-22 formula fertilizer can be formulated by blending together 1 lb of ammonium nitrate plus 2 lb of potassium nitrate plus 1 lb of ammonium sulfate. This formulation is determined by locating the 18-0-22 formula in the Analysis column. Then the three numbers 1, 2 and 1 are located in the row after this formula. Each of the three numbers is traced to the X above it and then to the nutrient source to the left of the X.

Compound	Formula	Weight
Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Sulfate Calcium Nitrate Potassium Nitrate Potassium Chloride Potassium Sulfate Urea	NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 Ca(NO3)2 KNO3 KCl K2SO4 CO(NH2)2	80.8 132.0 164.0 101.1 74.6 174.2 60.0
Element	Symbol	Atomic Weight
Calcium Carbon Chlorine Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Potassium	Ca C Cl H N O P k	40.1 12.0 35.5 1.0 14.0 16.0 31.0 39.1

To calculate	Use this formula
1) mg of fertilizer source/liter of water	$\frac{\mathrm{ppm}\times \mathrm{formula\; weight}}{\mathrm{atomic\; weight\; of\; element}\times \mathrm{number\; of\; units\; in\; fertilizer\; source}}$ (ppm × formula weight)/(atomic weight of element × number of units in fertilizer source)
2) ppm	$\frac{\frac{\mathrm{mg\; of\; fertilizer}}{\mathrm{liter\; of\; water}}\times \mathrm{atomic\; weight\; of\; element}\times \mathrm{units\; of\; element\; in\; formula\; of\; fertilizer}}{\mathrm{formula\; weight\; of\; fertilizer\; source}}$ (mg/L × atomic weight of element)/(number of units of element × formula weight)
3) Convert mg/l to lb/100 gal	$\mathrm{mg}\times 0.0008344$ mg × 0.0008344
4) Convert lb/100 gal to mg/l	$\frac{\mathrm{lb}}{0.0008344}$ lb / 0.0008344

EXAMPLE:

How many pounds of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) need to be dissolved in 100 gallons of water to make 100 ppm K solution?

Get the formula weight of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and the atomic weight of potassium from Table 14.

Then:

1) mg of K2SO4 / liter of water = (100 x 174.2) ÷ (39.1 x 2) = 222.8 mg/L

2) 222.8 mg/L x 0.00083440 = 0.186 lb potassium sulfate/100 ga

To calculate	Use this formula
1) mg of mixed fertilizer/liter of water	$\frac{\mathrm{ppm\; of\; N\; desired}\times 100}{\mathrm{\%\; N\; in\; fertilizer}}$ (ppm of N desired × 100)/(% N in fertilizer)
2) ppm of P	$\frac{\mathrm{mg\; of\; mixed\; fertilizer/liter\; of\; water}\times \mathrm{\%\; P}{2}_{}O{5}_{}\times 0.4366}{100}$ (mg × %P2O5 × 0.4366)/100
3) ppm of K	$\frac{\mathrm{mg\; of\; mixed\; fertilizer/liter\; of\; water}\times \mathrm{\%K}{2}_{}O\times 0.8301}{100}$ (mg × %K2O × 0.8301)/100
4) mg of mixed fertilizer/liter of water (for P)	$\frac{\mathrm{ppm\; of\; P\; desired}\times 100}{\mathrm{\%\; P}{2}_{}O{5}_{}\times 0.4366}$ (ppm × 100)/(%P2O5 × 0.4366)
5) mg of mixed fertilizer/liter of water (for K)	$\frac{\mathrm{ppm}\times 100}{\mathrm{\%K}{2}_{}O\times 0.8301}$ (ppm × 100)/(%K2O × 0.8301)
6) mg of mixed fertilizer/liter of water (for N)	$\frac{\mathrm{mg}\times \mathrm{\%\; N}}{10}$ (mg × %N)/10

1 millimeter or cubic centimeter of water weighs 1 gram
1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram
1 gallon of water weighs 8.34 lb
1 part per million (ppm)	= 0.0001% = 1 milligram/liter =0.013 ounces in 100 gallons of water
1%	= 10,000 ppm = 10 grams per liter = 10,000 grams per kilogram = 1.33 ounces by weight per gallon of water = 8.34 lb per 100 gallons of water
0.1%	= 1000 ppm	= 1000 milligrams per liter
0.01%	= 100 ppm	= 100 milligrams per liter
0.001%	= 10 ppm	= 10 milligrams per liter
0.0001%	= 1 ppm	= 1 milligram per liter
Approximate weight-volume measurements for making small volumes of water soluble fertilizers
1 cup	= 8 oz or 0.5 lb of fertilizer
2 cups	= 1 lb of fertilizer
1 tablespoon	= 0.5 oz of fertilizer
2 tablespoons	= 1 oz of fertilizer
Useful conversions
1 ton/acre	= 20.8 g/square foot
1 ton/acre	= 1 lb/21.78 square feet
1 g/square foot	= 96 lb/acre
1 lb/acre	= 0.0104 g/square foot
100 lb/acre	= 0.2296 lb/100 square feet
grams/square foot x 96	= lb/acre
lb/square foot x 43,560	= lb/acre
100 square feet	= 1/435.6 or 0.002296 acres
Weight conversions from lb/acre to weight/100 square feet
lb/acre	amount applied/100 square feet
100	3.7 oz
200	7.4 oz
300	11.1 oz
400	14.8 oz
500	1 lb 2.5 oz
600	1 lb 6 oz
700	1 lb 10 oz
800	1 lb 13 oz
900	2 lb 1 oz
1000	2 lb 5 oz
2000	4 lb 10 oz
Percent to Ratio Conversion
2.0%	1:50
1.5%	1:67
1.0%	1:100
0.9%	1:111
0.8%	1:128
0.7%	1:143
0.6%	1:167
0.5%	1:200
0.4%	1:250
0.3%	1:333
0.2%	1:500

Analysis	Longevity2 (months)	Product Name
14-14-14	3-4	Osmocote®3
19-6-12	3-4	Osmocote®3
13-13-13	8-9	Osmocote®3
18-6-12	8-9	Osmocote®3 Fast Start
18-6-12	8-9	Osmocote®3
17-7-12	12-14	Osmocote®3
15-9-12	3-4	Osmocote® Plus
15-9-12	5-6	Osmocote® Plus
15-9-12	8-9	Osmocote® Plus
15-9-12	12-14	Osmocote® Plus
15-9-12	14-16	Osmocote® Plus
16-8-12	8-9	Osmocote® Plus Minors Tablets
19-5-8 + Minors	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with Poly-S
19-5-9 + Minors	12-14	Osmocote® Pro with Poly-S
20-5-8 + Minors	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with Poly-S
24-4-8	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
24-4-7	12-14	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
24-4-6	14-16	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
21-4-7 w/ Mg & Fe	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
21-3-7 w/ Mg & Fe	12-14	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
22-4-9 + Minors	5-6	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
22-4-8 + Minors	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
22-4-7 + Minors	12-14	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
22-4-6 + Minors	14-16	Osmocote® Pro with Resin Coated Urea
20-4-9	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with Methylene Urea and Ureaform
20-4-8	12-14	Osmocote® Pro with Methylene Urea and Ureaform
23-4-8 + Minors	14-16	Osmocote® Pro + ScottKote™
19-7-10 + Fe	3-4	Osmocote® Pro with Uncoated NPK and Iron
18-7-10 + Fe	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with Uncoated NPK and Iron
17-7-10 + Fe	12-14	Osmocote® Pro with Uncoated NPK and Iron
13-10-13	5-6	Osmocote® Pro with IBDU and Minors
15-10-10	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with IBDU and Minors
18-8-8	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with IBDU and Minors
20-4-8	8-9	Osmocote® Pro with IBDU and Minors
18-5-9	12-14	Osmocote® Pro with IBDU and Minors
17-6-12 + Minors	3-4	Sierra® Tablets
17-6-10 + Minors	8-9	Sierra® Tablets
1 From the Scotts Company and Subsidiaries, Marysville, OH 43041. 2 At an average root substrate temperature of 70 °F (21 °C). 3 Six trace elements plus magnesium.

Release Type (days)	Sensitive Crops		Medium-Feeding Crops		Heavy-Feeding Crops
13-13-13
70	2.5	(1.5)	5	(3.0)	8.5	(5.1)
100	3.5	(2.1)
140	5	(3.0)	9	(5.4)	13	(7.8)
180	6	(3.6)	11	(6.6)	17	(10.2)
270	8	(4.8)	13	(7.8)	21	(12.6)
360	11	(6.6)	15	(9.0)	25	(15.0)
14-14-14
40	2	(1.2)	5	(3.0)	8	(4.7)
70	4	(2.4)	9	(5.4)	14	(8.3)
100	5	(3.0)	12	(7.1)	20	(11.9)
140	8	(4.7)	15	(9.0)	22	(13.0)
180	12	(7.1)	20	(11.9)	28	(16.6)
270	16	(9.5)	24	(14.2)	32	(19.0)
360	20	(11.9)	28	(16.6)	36	(21.3)
18-6-8
70	2	(1.2)	4.5	(2.7)	7.5	(4.5)
100	3	(1.8)	6.5	(3.9)	11	(6.6)
140	4.5	(2.7)	8	(4.8)	12	(7.2)
180	6	(3.6)	11	(6.6)	14	(8.4)
270	8	(4.8)	13	(7.8)	16	(12.0)
360	11	(6.6)	15	(9.0)	18	(13.8)
From Nelson, P.V. 1998. Greenhouse Operations and Management, 5th ed. Published by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Tables 21 through 22 are designed to assist growers in correcting the pH of the growing substrate.

Material	Pounds to incorporate in lb/yd3	Pounds to dissolve in 100 gallons watera	Rate of change in pH
Aluminum sulfate	1.5	6.0	Rapid
Iron sulfate	1.5	6.0	Moderate
Finely ground elemental sulfur	0.75	–	Slow
Adapted from Bailey, D.A. 1996. a Apply this drench as a normal watering, about 1 quart per square foot or 8 fluid ounces per 6-in. pot.

Beginning pH	Pounds per cubic yard to change acidity to pH 5.7 for:
	50% Peat 50% Moss	100% Peat
7.52	2.0	3.4
7.0	1.5	2.5
6.5	1.0	2.0
5.03	2.5	3.5
4.5	5.6	7.4
4.0	7.9	11.5*
3.5	10.5*	15.58
Adapted from Conover, C.A., and R.T. Poole. 1984. 2 Add sulfur or acidifying mixture to lower pH to 5.7. 3 Add dolomitic lime or equivalent amount of calcium to raise pH to 5.7. * Addition of more than 10 lb of dolomitic per yd3 can cause micronutrient deficiencies.

Table 23 will help when applying various plant growth regulators.

Drench
Dose (Milligrams per 6-in.Pot)	Drench Volume per 6-in.Pot* (Fluid Ounces)	ppm solution	Fluid Ounces per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Liter of Final Solution
0.125	4	1.06	0.51	15.15	4.0
0.25	4	2.11	1.02	30.30	8.01
0.50	4	4.23	2.05	60.61	16.01
0.75	4	6.34	3.07	90.91	24.02
1.00	4	8.45	4.10	121.21	32.02
Adapted from Hammer, P.A. 1992. *2 fl oz/4-in. pot; 3 fl oz/5-in. pot; 10 fl oz/8-in. pot

Drench
Dose (Milligrams per 6-in. Pot)	Drench Volume per 6-in. Pot* (Fluid Ounces)	ppm solution	Fluid Ounces per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Liter of Final Solution
355	6	2,000	2.17	64.18	16.95
532	6	3,000B	3.25	96.18	25.42
710	6	4,000	4.34	128.36	33.90
Adapted from Hammer, P.A. 1992. ACommonly referred to as 1:80. BCommonly referred to as 1:40. *2 fl oz/2.25- to 3-in. pot; 3 fl oz/4-in. pot; 4 fl oz/5-in. pot; 8 fl oz/8-in. pot.

Spray
Spray Solution (ppm)	Ounces per Gallon of Final Solution	Grams per Gallon of Final Solution	Grams per Liter of Final Solution
1,000	0.16	4.45	1.18
2,500	0.39	11.13	2.94
5,000	0.79	22.26	5.88
7,500	1.18	33.40	8.82
Adapted from Hammer, P.A. 1992.

Drench
Dose (Milligrams per 6-in. Pot)	Drench Volume per 6-in. Pot* (Fluid Ounces)	ppm	Fluid Ounces per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Liter of Final Solution
0.1	4	0.85	0.03	0.8	0.21
0.2	4	1.69	0.05	1.6	0.42
0.5	4	4.23	0.14	4.0	1.06
1.0	4	8.45	0.27	8.0	2.11
1.9	4	16.06	0.51	15.2	4.02
Adapted from Hammer, P.A. 1992. * 2 fl oz/4-in. pot; 3 fl oz/5-in. pot; 10 fl oz/8-in. pot.

Drench
Dose (Milligrams per 6-in. Pot)	Drench Volume per 6-in. Pot* (Fluid Ounces)	ppm	Fluid Ounces per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Liter of Final Solution
0.02	4	0.17	0.04	1.28	0.34
0.03	4	0.25	0.06	1.92	0.51
0.04	4	0.34	0.09	2.56	0.68
0.05	4	0.42	0.11	3.20	0.85
0.06	4	0.51	0.13	3.84	1.01
0.09	4	0.76	0.19	5.76	1.52
0.12	4	1.01	0.26	7.68	2.03
0.20	4	1.69	0.43	12.80	3.38
Adapted from Hammer, P.A. 1992. * 2 fl oz/4-in. pot; 3 fl oz/5-in. pot; 10 fl oz/8-in. pot.

Spray
Spray Solution (ppm)	Fluid Ounces per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Liter of Final Solution
300	0.97	28.72	7.59
325	1.05	331.11	8.22
500	1.62	47.86	12.64
750	2.43	28.89	18.97
975	3.16	93.34	24.66
1,000	3.24	95.73	25.29
Adapted from Hammer, P.A. 1992.

Spray
Spray Solution (ppm)	Fluid Ounces per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Liter of Final Solution
2.5	0.008	0.24	0.06
5.0	0.016	0.47	0.13
100.0	0.320	9.46	2.50
250.0	0.800	23.66	6.25
300.0	0.960	28.39	7.50
500.0	1.600	47.31	12.50
Adapted from Hammer, P.A. 1992.

FASCINATION
ppm BA/GA	Fluid Ounces per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Gallon of Final Solution	Milliliters per Liter of Final Solution
1/1	0.007	0.2	0.06
5/5	0.04	1.1	0.3
10/10	0.07	2.1	0.6
25/25	0.18	5.3	1.4
50/50	0.36	10.5	2.8
75/75	0.53	15.8	4.2
100/100	0.71	21.0	5.5
Adapted from Hammer, P.A. 1992.

Tables 24 through 25 are designed to assist growers who desire to prepare their own substrate mix.

Nutrient Source		Rate per Cubic Yard (per m3)
		Soil-Based Media	Soilless Media
To provide calcium and magnesium
When a pH rise is desired:	Dolomitic limestone	0-10 lb (0-6 kg)	10 lb (6 kg)
When no pH shift is desired:	Gypsum for calcium	0-5 lb (0-3 kg)	0-5 lb (0-3 kg)
	Epsom salt for magnesium	0-1 lb (0-0.6 kg)	0-1 lb (0-0.6 kg)
To provide phosphorus*
Superphosphate (0-45-0)		1.5 lb (0.9 kg)	2.25 lb (1.3 kg)
To provide sulfur
Gypsum (calcium sulfate)		1.5 lb (0.9 kg)	1.5 lb (0.9 kg)
To provide micronutrients: iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum
Esmigran		3-6 lb (1.8-3.6 kg)	3-6 lb (1.8-3.6 kg)
Micromax		1-1.5 lb (0.6-0.9 kg)	1-1.5 lb (0.6-0.9 kg)
Promax		1-1.5 lb (0.6-0.9 kg)	1-1.5 lb (0.6-0.9 kg)
F-555HF		3 oz (112 g)	3 oz (112 g)
F-111HR		1 lb (0.6 kg)	1 lb (0.6 kg)
To provide nitrogen and potassium (optional)
Calcium nitrate, or		1 lb (0.6 kg)	1 lb (0.6 kg)
Potassium nitrate		1 lb (0.6 kg)	1 lb (0.6 kg)
From Nelson, P.V. 1998. Greenhouse Operations and Management, 5th ed. Published by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted with permission. 1Rates in this table are for crops other than seedlings. Only limestone is necessary in seedling substrates. Optional nutrient sources for seedling substrate include up to 1 lb (0.6 kg) each of superphosphate, gypsum, and calcium nitrate; no potassium nitrate; and the low end of the rate range for micronutrients. *These are maximum rates designed to supply phosphorus for 3 to 4 months if pH is maintained in a desirable range for the crop and the leaching percentage is at or below 20%.

Materials Used	Amount per Cubic Yard1	Amount per Bushel
Spagnum peat moss	0.5 cubic yard (13 bushels)	0.5 bushel
Horticultural grade vermiculite #2 size for seed germination #2 or 3 for transplanting	0.5 cubic yard (13 bushels)	0.5 bushel
Superphosphate, or	1 to 2 lb	20.5 to 41.0 grams (1 to 2 tablespoons)
Treble superphosphate2	0.5 to 1 pound	10.3 to 20.5 grams (0.6 to 1.2 tablespoons)
Ground dolomitic limestone2	5 to 10 lb	103 to 206 grams (5.2 to 10.4 tablespoons)
Gypsum2	2.0 lb	41 grams (2.5 tablespoons)
Calcium nitrate	0.5 pound	10 grams (1.2 tablespoons)
Potassium nitrate	0.5 pound	10 grams (1.2 tablespoons)
Trace element material (Use Only One)
Esmigran, or	4.0 lb	81 grams (4.0 tablespoons)
Micromax	1.5 lb	31 grams (1.7 tablespoons)
Wetting agent (Use Only One3)
Aqua-Gro 2000 granular, or	1.0 pound	—
Aqua-Gro 2000-L liquid4	3-5 fluid ounces	0.5 level teaspoon
PsiMatric liquid5	2-4 fluid ounces	0.5 level teaspoon
1A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet or approximately 22 bushels. A 15% to 20% shrink occurs in mixing. Therefore, an additional 5 cubic feet or 4 bushels are used to obtain a full cubic yard. 2If treble superphosphate is used, gypsum is added to supply sulphur. If only 5 lb of limestone are used for pH control, then add the gypsum that supplied calcium and sulphur. 3The granular Aqua-Grow is preferred. 43 oz/yard for germination/seedlings, 5 oz/yard for bedding plants and pot plants. 52 oz/yard for germination/seedlings, 4 oz/yard for bedding plants and pot plants. Adapted from Fonteno. W.C. 1994

Pot Size	Approximate Dimension Top x Depth x Bottom (in.)	Number of Pots/cu ft	Type	Approximate Dimension Top x Depth x Bottom (in.)	Units/cu ft
Standard Round Pots			Flats
2¼	2¼ x 2 1/16 x 1¾	256	Germination tray	11½ x 21¼ x 1 1/8	7.0
2½	2 3/8 x 2¼ x 2	208	20-row Seedling tray	11½ x 21¼ x 1 1/8	11.0
3	3 x 2 13/16 x 2¼	120	Standard Cell-Packs
3½	3 3/8 x 3 3/10 x 2 3/8	80	8-4 cell packs per tray		5.4
4	4 x 3 7/8 x 2¾	48	8-6 cell packs per tray		5.9
4½	4 3/8 x 4 3/8 x 3	40	10-4 cell packs per tray		6.2
5	5 x 3½ x 4	28	10-6 cell packs per tray		6.7
5½	5½ x 5 3/8 x 3 13/16	20	12-4 cell packs per tray		6.0
6	6 x 5¾ x 4 1/16	16	12-6 cell packs per tray		7.0
7	6¾ x 7¾ x 4 11/16	10	Standard size 11¼ x 21¼ x 2½
8	7 5/8 x 7¾ x 5 3/8	6	Plug Flats
10	9 7/8 x 9¾ x 6 7/8	3	50 sq. flat	1 7/8 x 2¼	6.3
Azalea Pots			72 rd. flat	1 7/16 x 1¾	12.8
4	4 x 21 3/16 x 3	56	72 sq. flat	1 9/16 x 2 3/16	7.3
4½	4½ x 3 3/8 x 3¼	44	98 sq. flat	1 5/16 x 2	7.9
5	5 x 3 13/16 x 3 9/16	28	28 sq. flat	1 3/16 x 1 13/16	9.0
5½	5½ x 4¼ x 3 7/8	24	162 sq. flat	1 x 1½	9.2
6	6½ x 5 x 4 9/16	16	273 sq. flat	¾ x 1 1/8	18.6
7	7/8 x 5 3/8 x 51/16	12	288 rd. flat	13/16 x 1	19.1
7½	7 3/8 x 5 11/16 x 5 3/8	10	288 sq. flat	13/16 x 1¼	15.0
8	8 1/8 x 5 7/8 x 6	7	392 sq. flat	5/8 x 7/8	23.1
8½	8 1/8 x 6¼ x 6¼	6	406 sq. flat	5/8 x 7/8	22.2
10	9 7/8 x 7 3/8 x 7¼	4	512 sq. flat	9/16 x ¾	24.7
Square Pots			Nursery Containers (plastic)
2¼	15/16 x 1 7/8 x 1½	357	1 gal	6½ x 6½	10.0
2½	2 3/8 x 1 15/16 x 1 7/8	224	2 gal	8½ x 8½	4.5
3	2¾ x 2¼ x 2 1/8		3 gal	10¼ x 9 5/8	3.3
3½	3¼ x 2¾ x 2½		Saucerless
4	3 5/8 x 3 1/8 x 2 7/8		8		9.7
4½	4 1/8 x 3 5/8 x 3¼		0		5.3
			2		3.1

Thickness	4 cu ft Perlite	6 cu ft Canadian peat (compressed)	1 cu yd* Peat mulches, Topsoil, etc.	1 Bale
				Pinestraw	Wheatstraw
2 in.	28 sq ft	72 sq ft	162 sq ft	90 sq ft	180 sq ft
1 in.	48 sq ft	144 sq ft	324 sq ft	180 sq ft	360 sq ft
1/2 in.	96 sq ft	288 sq ft	648 sq ft	360 sq ft	720 sq ft
1/4 in.	192 sq ft	576 sq ft	1296 sq ft	720 sq ft	1440 sq ft
*1 cubic yard (yd3) = 27 cubic feet (ft3)

Tables 29 through 30 help determine correct spacing and number of plants at each spacing for both greenhouse and field situations.

Spacing	Plants/sq ft	Plants/Acre of production area	Plants/Acre of ground covered*
8 in. x 9 in.	2.0	87,000	58,000
8 in. x 8 in.	2.3	98,000	65,000
8 in. x 7 in.	2.6	114,000	76,000
8 in. x 6 in.	3.0	130,000	87,000
6 in. x 7 in.	3.4	147,000	98,000
6 in. x 6 in.	4.0	174,000	116,000
6 in. x 5 in.	4.8	208,000	139,000
5 in. x 5 in.	5.8	252,000	168,000
5 in. x 4 in.	7.2	313,000	209,000
5 in. x 3 in.	9.6	418,000	279,000
4 in. x 3 in.	12.0	522,000	348,000
*Assuming 1/3 of production area devoted to aisles, etc.

	Spacing Between Plants Within the Row (ft)
Spacing Between Rows of Plants (ft)	6	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24	26
4	1815	1361	1089	907	777	680	605	544	495	453	418
6	1218	907	726	605	518	453	403	363	330	302	279
8	907	680	544	453	388	339	302	272	247	226	209
10	726	544	435	362	311	272	242	218	207	181	167
12	605	453	362	302	259	226	201	181	165	151	139
14	518	388	311	259	222	194	172	155	141	129	119
16	453	339	272	226	194	169	151	136	123	113	104
18	403	302	242	201	172	151	134	121	110	100	93
20	363	272	218	181	155	136	121	108	99	90	83
22	330	247	207	165	141	123	110	99	90	82	76
24	302	226	181	151	129	113	100	90	82	75	69
26	279	209	167	139	119	104	93	83	76	69	64
*To determine the number of plants per acre for spacings not given in the table, multiply the distance in the row by the distance between rows and divide that number into 43,560.

Formulas for calculating greenhouse volume

Tables 31 through 36 are designed to aid landscape professionals and homeowners in determining number of plants at various spacings, cubic yards of soil needed at various depths and areas, areas covered in square feet at various depths, time needed to trim lawns, and the volume of water delivered as affected by the size of irrigation hose.

Species	Planting rate (lb/acre)1		Planting depth (in.)
	Pure stand	Mixture
Warm-season annual grasses
Crabgrass	3–5	2–3	¼
Pearl millet	12–15	8–10	½–1
Sorghum	6–8	4–5	½–1
Sudangrass	10–15	7–10	½–1
Sorghum × sudangrass	15–20	10–13	½–1
Cool-season annual grasses
Annual ryegrass (diploid or tetraploid)	20–25	15–25	¼–½
Oat	90–120	60–90	½–1
Rye	90–120	60–90	½–1
Triticale	90–120	60–90	½–1
Wheat	90–120	60–90	½–1
Cool-season annual legumes
Arrowleaf clover	5–8	5–6	¼
Ball clover	2–3	1–2	¼
Berseem clover	15–18	10–15	¼
Crimson clover	15–25	10–12	¼
Cool-season annual forbs
Brassicas (diploid or tetraploid)	3–4	NR2	¼
1 The planting rates listed in this table are recommended to optimize forage production. If the crop will only be used as a ground cover, the planting rate may be reduced by 20%–30%. 2 Brassicas are not broadly recommended for use as part of a mixture because most livestock will selectively avoid these plants.

Formulas for calculating greenhouse volume

These formulas are helpful in determining heating and cooling costs for greenhouses.

For the following formulas:

L = length
W = width
W₁ = width of short span
W₂ = width of long span
H_e = height from floor to eave
H_r = height from eave to top

Figure 1-A. Formula for calculating uneven-span greenhouse volume.

Greenhouse volume in cubic feet = [(W x H_e) + ([W₁ x H_r] ÷ 2) + ([W₂ x H_r] ÷ 2)] x L

 

Figure 1-B. Formula for calculating even-span greenhouse volume.

Greenhouse volume in cubic feet = [(W x H_e) + ([W x H_r] ÷ 2)] x L

 

Figure 1-C. Formula for calculating quonset greenhouse volume.

Greenhouse volume in cubic feet = [(W x H_e) + ([3.14 x H_r²] ÷ 2)] x L

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the following sources, from which certain tables were adapted for use in this publication.

Bailey, D. A. (1996). Alkalinity, pH and Acidification. In D. Reed (Ed.), A Grower’s Guide to Water, Media, and Nutrition for Greenhouse Crops. Ball Publishing.

Bailey, D. A., & Powell, M. A. (1999). Installation and maintenance of landscape bedding plants (Horticulture Information Leaflet 555). N.C. State University and N.C. A&T State University Cooperative Extension. https://digital.ncdcr.gov/Documents/Detail/installation-and-maintenance-of-landscape-bedding-plants/3692207

Ball, V. (Ed.). Ball RedBook: Greenhouse growing (16th ed.). (1997). Ball Publishing.

Cavins, T. J., Gibson, J. L., Whipker, B. E., & Fonteno, W. C.  (2000, December). pH and EC meters — Tools for substrate analysis (Research Report Florex.001). North Carolina State University. https://fertdirtsquirt.com/pdf/PHECmeters.pdf

Conover, C. A., & Poole, R. T. (1984). Light and fertilizer recommendations for production of acclimatized potted foliage plants. Foliage Digest, 7(8), 1–6.

Cornell University. (1977). Cornell recommendations for commercial floricultural crops: Part 1, cultural practices and production programs. https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/chla7134041_8300_001

Holcomb, E. J. (Ed.). (1994). Bedding plants IV: A manual on the culture of bedding plants as a greenhouse crop (4th ed.). Ball Publishing.

Hummert International. (1999). Hummert’s helpful hints, 1999–2000 ed.

Nelson, P. V. (1998). Greenhouse operation and management (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Ohio Florist Association Services, Inc. (1999). Tips on growing bedding plants, 4th ed.

Ohio Florist Association Services, Inc. (1992). Tips on the use of chemical growth regulators on floriculture crops.

University of California Cooperative Extension Service. (n.d.). Tons to teaspoons (Pubication No. L2285).

Whipker, B. E., Bailey, D. A., Nelson, P. V., Fonteno, W. C., & Hammer, P. A. (n.d.). Greenhouse media lab acid addition calculator to control alkalinity in irrigation water. Cooperative Extension Services of the Northeast States.

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